Selected Publications from Patterson and co-workers (see below for full publication list)
A Close Look at Molecular Self-Assembly with the Transmission Electron Microscope
Molecular self-assembly is pervasive in the formation of living and synthetic materials. Knowledge gained from research into the principles of molecular self-assembly drives innovation in the biological, chemical, and materials sciences. Self-assembly processes span a wide range of temporal and spatial domains and are often unintuitive and complex. Studying such complex processes requires an arsenal of analytical and computational tools. Within this arsenal, the transmission electron microscope stands out for its unique ability to visualize and quantify self-assembly structures and processes. This review describes the contribution that the transmission electron microscope has made to the field of molecular self-assembly. An emphasis is placed on which TEM methods are applicable to different structures and processes and how TEM can be used in combination with other experimental or computational methods. Finally, we provide an outlook on the current challenges to, and opportunities for, increasing the impact that the transmission electron microscope can have on molecular self-assembly.
Studying Reaction Mechanisms in Solution Using a Distributed Electron Microscopy Method
Electron microscopy (EM) of materials undergoing chemical reactions provides knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. However, the mechanisms are often complex and cannot be fully resolved using a single method. Here, we present a distributed electron microscopy method for studying complex reactions. The method combines information from multiple stages of the reaction and from multiple EM methods, including liquid phase EM (LP-EM), cryogenic EM (cryo-EM), and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). We demonstrate this method by studying the desilication mechanism of zeolite crystals. Collectively, our data reveal that the reaction proceeds via a two-step anisotropic etching process and that the defects in curved surfaces and between the subunits in the crystal control the desilication kinetics by directing mass transport.
The self-assembly of block copolymers into 1D, 2D and 3D nano- and microstructures is of great interest for a wide range of applications. A key challenge in this field is obtaining independent control over molecular structure and hierarchical structure in all dimensions using scalable one-pot chemistry. Here we report on the ring opening polymerization-induced crystallization-driven self-assembly (ROPI-CDSA) of poly-L-lactide-block-polyethylene glycol block copolymers into 1D, 2D and 3D nanostructures. A key feature of ROPI-CDSA is that the polymerization time is much shorter than the self-assembly relaxation time, resulting in a non-equilibrium self-assembly process. The self-assembly mechanism is analyzed by cryo-transmission electron microscopy, wide-angle x-ray scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and turbidity studies. The analysis revealed that the self-assembly mechanism is dependent on both the polymer molecular structure and concentration. Knowledge of the self-assembly mechanism enabled the kinetic trapping of multiple hierarchical structures from a single block copolymer.
Liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LP-TEM) enables the real-time visualization of nanoscale dynamics in solution. This technique has been used to study the formation and transformation mechanisms of organic and inorganic nanomaterials. Here, we study the formation of block-copolymer-supported bilayers using LP-TEM. We observe two formation pathways that involve either liquid droplets or vesicles as intermediates toward supported bilayers. Quantitative image analysis methods are used to characterize vesicle spread rates and show the origin of defect formation in supported bilayers. Our results suggest that bilayer assembly methods that proceed via liquid droplet intermediates should be beneficial for forming pristine supported bilayers. Furthermore, supported bilayers inside the liquid cells may be used to image membrane interactions with proteins and nanoparticles in the future.
Protein–metal–organic frameworks (p-MOFs) are a prototypical example of how synthetic biological hybrid systems can be used to develop next-generation materials. Controlling p-MOF formation enables the design of hybrid materials with enhanced biological activity and high stability. However, such control is yet to be fully realized due to an insufficient understanding of the governing nucleation and growth mechanisms in p-MOF systems. The structural evolution of p-MOFs was probed by cryo-transmission electron microscopy, revealing nonclassical pathways via dissolution–recrystallization of highly hydrated amorphous particles and solid-state transformation of a protein-rich amorphous phase. On the basis of these data, we propose a general description of p-MOF crystallization which is best characterized by particle aggregation and colloidal theory for future synthetic strategies.
Full Publication list: For most up to date list and metrics see Google Scholar
96. López, P. A.; Eivgi, O.; Idris, N. S.; Patterson, J. P.; Blum, S. A., Self-Assembly Methods Induce Different Individual-Polymer-Block Solvation Responses. Chemistry – A European Journal n/a (n/a), e202501617.
95. Bartnik, A.; Zeinalvand, L.; Kodira, D.; Prasad, P. R.; Patterson, J.P; Sim, S., Redox-Enabled Pathway Complexity in Supramolecular Hydrogels. Chemistry – A European Journal 2025, 31 (33), e202500901.
94. Hwang, J. H.; Yoon, J.; Seo, M.; Patterson, J. P.; Lee, E., Decoding the evolution and dynamics of semicrystalline block copolymer assembly via liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy. Matter 2025, 102148.
93. Duong, L.; Wu, Y.; Kasallis, S. J.; Abbondante, S.; Hurst, P. J.; Marshall, M. E.; McCarthy, K.; Reddy, B. J. N.; Bru, J.-L.; Perinbam, K.; Pearlman, E.; Patterson, J. P.; Gross, S. P.; Siryaporn, A., Bactericidal activity of mammalian histones is caused by large membrane pore formation. Cell Reports 2025, 44 (5), 115658.
92. Song, Y.; Li, Z.; Mulvey, J.; Freites, J. A.; Patterson, J.P; Tobias, D. J., Cryo-EM Informed Molecular Dynamics Simulations to Investigate the Disulfide Hydrogel Self-Assembly. ChemPhysChem 2025, 26 (11), e202401085..
91. Lustig, D. R.; Buz, E.; Bird, O. F.; Mulvey, J. T.; Prasad, P. R.; Patterson, J. P.; Dukovic, G.; Kittilstved, K. R.; Sambur, J. B., Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy Reveals Energy Transfer Active versus Inactive Nanocrystal/Dye Conjugate Pairs. Chemical & Biomedical Imaging 2025. https://doi.org/10.1021/cbmi.5c00009
90. Grosvirt-Dramen, A.; Urbach, Z. J.; Hurst, P. J.; Kwok, C. E.; Patterson, J. P.; Wang, F.; Hochbaum, A. I., Hierarchical Assembly of Conductive Fibers from Coiled-Coil Peptide Building Blocks. ACS Nano 2025, 19 (10), 10162-10172.
89. Marathianos, A.; Magiakos, A.; Han, Y.; Sanchez, A.; Whitfield, R.; Kammerer, J.; Anastasaki, A.; Wilson, P.; Patterson, J. P.; Barner-Kowollik, C.; Liarou, E., Atomic-Scale Imaging of Polymers and Precision Molecular Weight Analysis. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2024, 146 (50), 34292-34297.
88. Casas, A. M.; Idris, N. S.; Wen, V.; Patterson, J. P.; Ge, N.-H., Scattering Elimination in 2D IR Immune from Detector Artifacts. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2024, 128 (36), 8835-8845.
87. Rizvi, A.; Favetta, B.; Jaber, N.; Lee, Y.-K.; Jiang, J.; Idris, N. S.; Schuster, B. S.; Dai, W.; Patterson, J. P.,* Revealing nanoscale structure and interfaces of protein and polymer condensates via cryo-electron microscopy. Nanoscale 2024, 16 (35), 16706-16717.
86. Gibson, W.; Mulvey, J. T.; Das, S.; Selmani, S.; Merham, J. G.; Rakowski, A. M.; Schwartz, E.; Hochbaum, A. I.; Guan, Z.; Green, J. R.; Patterson, J. P.,* Observing the Dynamics of an Electrochemically Driven Active Material with Liquid Electron Microscopy. ACS Nano 2024, 8 (18), 11898-11909.
85. Talosig, A. R.; Wang, F.; Mulvey, J. T.; Carpenter, B. P.; Olivas, E. M.; Katz, B. B.; Zhu, C.; Patterson, J. P.,* Understanding the Nucleation and Growth of ZIF-8 Polymorphs. Crystal Growth & Design 2024. 10.1021/acs.cgd.4c00194
84. Hurst, P. J.; Yoon, J.; Singh, R.; Abouchaleh, M. F.; Stewart, K. A.; Sumerlin, B. S.; Patterson, J. P.,* Hybrid Photoiniferter and Ring-Opening Polymerization Yields One-Pot Anisotropic Nanorods. Macromolecular Rapid Communications 2024, 45 (12), 2400100.
83. Rizvi, A.; Patterson, J. P.,* Liquid–liquid phase separation induced auto-confinement. Soft Matter 2024, 20 (9), 1978-1982.
82. Hurst, P. J.; Gassaway, K. J.; Abouchaleh, M. F.; Idris, N. S.; Jones, C. R.; Dicksion, C. A.; Nowick, J. S.; Patterson, J. P.,* Drug catalyzed polymerization yields one pot nanomedicines. RSC Applied Polymers 2024, 2 (2), 238-247.
81. Hurst, P. J.; Mulvey, J. T.; Bone, R. A.; Selmani, S.; Hudson, R. F.; Guan, Z.; Green, J. R.; Patterson, J. P.,* CryoEM reveals the complex self-assembly of a chemically driven disulfide hydrogel. Chem Sci 2024, 15 (3), 1106-1116.
80. Carpenter, B. P.; Rose, B.; Olivas, E. M.; Navarro, M. X.; Talosig, A. R.; Hurst, P. J.; Di Palma, G.; Xing, L.; Guha, R.; Copp, S. M.; Patterson, J. P.,* The role of protein folding in prenucleation clusters on the activity of enzyme@metal–organic frameworks. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2024, 12 (2), 813-823.
79. Kunnas, P.; de Jonge, N.; Patterson, J. P.,* The effect of nanochannel length on in situ loading times of diffusion-propelled nanoparticles in liquid cell electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2024, 255, 113865.
78. Mulvey, J. T.; Iyer, K. P.; Ortega, T.; Merham, J. G.; Pivak, Y.; Sun, H.; Hochbaum, A. I.; Patterson, J. P.,* Correlating electrochemical stimulus to structural change in liquid electron microscopy videos using the structural dissimilarity metric. Ultramicroscopy 2024, 257, 113894.
77. Dhaoui, R.; Cazarez, S. L.; Xing, L.; Baghdadi, E.; Mulvey, J. T.; Idris, N. S.; Hurst, P. J.; Vena, M. P.; Palma, G. D.; Patterson, J. P.,* 3D Visualization of Proteins within Metal–Organic Frameworks via Ferritin-Enabled Electron Microscopy. Advanced Functional Materials 2023, 2312972.
76. Lustig, D. R.; Buz, E.; Mulvey, J. T.; Patterson, J. P.; Kittilstved, K. R.; Sambur, J. B., Characterizing the Ligand Shell Morphology of PEG-Coated ZnO Nanocrystals Using FRET Spectroscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2023, 127 (41), 8961-8973.
75. Carpenter, B. P.; Talosig, A. R.; Rose, B.; Di Palma, G.; Patterson, J. P.,* Understanding and controlling the nucleation and growth of metal–organic frameworks. Chemical Society Reviews 2023, 52 (20), 6918-6937.
74. Lustig, D. R.; Nilsson, Z. N.; Mulvey, J. T.; Zang, W.; Pan, X.; Patterson, J. P.; Sambur, J. B., Toward Imaging Defect-Mediated Energy Transfer between Single Nanocrystal Donors and Single Molecule Acceptors. Chemical & Biomedical Imaging 2023, 1 (2), 168-178.
73. Barpuzary, D.; Hurst, P. J.; Patterson, J. P.; Guan, Z., Waste-Free Fully Electrically Fueled Dissipative Self-Assembly System. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2023, 145 (6), 3727-3735.
72. Hopstock, K. S.; Carpenter, B. P.; Patterson, J. P.; Al-Abadleh, H. A.; Nizkorodov, S. A., Formation of insoluble brown carbon through iron-catalyzed reaction of biomass burning organics. Environmental Science: Atmospheres 2023, 3 (1), 207-220.
71. Hickey, J. C.; Hurst, P. J.; Patterson, J. P.; Guan, Z., Facile Synthesis of Multifunctional Bioreducible Polymers for mRNA Delivery. Chemistry 2023, 29 (12), e202203393.
70. Di Palma, G.; Geels, S.; Carpenter, B. P.; Talosig, A. R.; Chen, C.; Marangoni, F.; Patterson, J. P.,* Cyclodextrin metal-organic framework-based protein biocomposites. Biomaterials Science 2022. 10 (23), 6749-6754.
69. Chen, J.; Rizvi, A.; Patterson, J. P.; Hawker, C. J., Discrete Libraries of Amphiphilic Poly(ethylene glycol) Graft Copolymers: Synthesis, Assembly, and Bioactivity. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2022. 144 (42), 19466-19474.
68. Carpenter, B. P.; Talosig, A. R.; Mulvey, J. T.; Merham, J. G.; Esquivel, J.; Rose, B.; Ogata, A. F.; Fishman, D. A.; Patterson, J. P.*, Role of Molecular Modification and Protein Folding in the Nucleation and Growth of Protein–Metal–Organic Frameworks. Chemistry of Materials 2022. 34 (18), 8336-8344.
67. Hurst, P. J.; Graham, A. A.; Patterson, J. P.* Gaining Structural Control by Modification of Polymerization Rate in Ring-Opening Polymerization-Induced Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly. ACS Polymers Au 2022, 2 (6), 501-509.
66. Selmani, S.; Schwartz, E.; Mulvey, J. T.; Wei, H.; Grosvirt-Dramen, A.; Gibson, W.; Hochbaum, A. I.; Patterson, J. P.; Ragan, R.; Guan, Z., Electrically Fueled Active Supramolecular Materials. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2022, 144 (17), 7844-7851.
65. Rizvi, A.; Mulvey, J. T.; Patterson, J. P.,* Observation of Liquid-Liquid-Phase Separation and Vesicle Spreading during Supported Bilayer Formation via Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy. Nano Lett 2021, 21 (24), 10325-10332.
64. Wu, H.; Su, H.; Joosten, R. R. M.; Keizer, A. D. A.; van Hazendonk, L. S.; Wirix, M. J. M.; Patterson, J. P.; Laven, J.; de With, G.; Friedrich, H., Mapping and Controlling Liquid Layer Thickness in Liquid-Phase (Scanning) Transmission Electron Microscopy. Small Methods 2021, 5 (6), 2001287.
63. Moradi, M.-A.; Eren, E. D.; Chiappini, M.; Rzadkiewicz, S.; Goudzwaard, M.; van Rijt, M. M. J.; Keizer, A. D. A.; Routh, A. F.; Dijkstra, M.; de With, G.; Sommerdijk, N.;* Friedrich, H.;* Patterson, J. P.,* Spontaneous organization of supracolloids into three-dimensional structured materials. Nat. Mater. 2021, 20, 541-547.
62. Hurst, P. J.; Morris, M. A.; Graham, A. A.; Nowick, J. S.; Patterson, J. P.* Visualizing Teixobactin Supramolecular Assemblies and Cell Wall Damage in B. Subtilis Using Cryoem. ACS Omega. 2021. 6 (41), 27412-27417.
61. Vena, M. P.; de Moor, D.; Ianiro, A.; Tuinier, R.; Patterson, J. P.,* Kinetic state diagrams for a highly asymmetric block copolymer assembled in solution. Soft Matter 2021, 17 (4), 1084-1090.
60. Rizvi, A.; Mulvey, J. T.; Carpenter, B. P.; Talosig, R.; Patterson, J. P.,* A Close Look at Molecular Self-Assembly with the Transmission Electron Microscope. Chemical Reviews 2021. ASAP. (invited review as part of the thematic issue on molecular self-assembly)
59. Gibson, W.; Patterson, J. P.,* Liquid Phase Electron Microscopy Provides Opportunities in Polymer Synthesis and Manufacturing. Macromolecules 2021, 54 (11), 4986-4996. (highlighted as editors choice article)
58. Wu, H.; Li, T.; Maddala, S. P.; Khalil, Z. J.; Joosten, R. R. M.; Mezari, B.; Hensen, E. J. M.; de With, G.; Friedrich, H.;* van Bokhoven, J. A.;* Patterson, J. P.,* Studying Reaction Mechanisms in Solution Using a Distributed Electron Microscopy Method. ACS Nano 2021, 15 (6), 10296-10308.
57. Ianiro, A.; Hendrix, M. M. R. M.; Hurst, P. J.; Patterson, J. P.; Vis, M.; Sztucki, M.; Esteves, A. C. C.; Tuinier, R., Solvent Selectivity Governs the Emergence of Temperature Responsiveness in Block Copolymer Self-Assembly. Macromolecules 2021, 54 (6), 2912-2920.
56. Rizvi, A.; Patel, U.; Ianiro, A.; Hurst, P. J.; Merham, J. G.; Patterson, J. P.,* Nonionic Block Copolymer Coacervates. Macromolecules 2020, 53 (14), 6078-6086.
55. Ogata, A. F.; Rakowski, A. M.; Carpenter, B. P.; Fishman, D. A.; Merham, J. G.; Hurst, P. J.; Patterson, J. P.,* Direct Observation of Amorphous Precursor Phases in the Nucleation of Protein-Metal-Organic Frameworks. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142 (3), 1433-1442. (featured on the front cover)
54. Ogata, A. F.; Mirabello, G.; Rakowski, A. M.; Patterson, J. P.,* Revealing Nonclassical Nucleation Pathways Using Cryogenic Electron Microscopy. In Crystallization via Nonclassical Pathways Volume 1: Nucleation, Assembly, Observation & Application, American Chemical Society: 2020, 1358, pp 147-200.
53. Hurst, P. J.; Rakowski, A. M.; Patterson, J. P.,* Ring-opening polymerization-induced crystallization-driven self-assembly of poly-L-lactide-block-polyethylene glycol block copolymers (ROPI-CDSA). Nature Communications 2020, 11 (1), 4690. (highlighted as editors choice article)
52. Mirsaidov, U.; Patterson, J. P.; Zheng, H., Liquid phase transmission electron microscopy for imaging of nanoscale processes in solution. MRS Bulletin 2020, 45 (9), 704-712.
51. Van Omme, J. T.; Wu, H.; Sun, H.; Beker, A. F.; Lemang, M.; Spruit, R. G.; Maddala, S. P.; Rakowski, A.; Friedrich, H.; Patterson, J. P.;* Pérez Garza, H. H., Liquid phase transmission electron microscopy with flow and temperature control. Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2020, 8 (31), 10781-10790. (invited article as part of the 2020 Emerging Investigators Issue)
50. Carmean, R. N.; Sims, M. B.; Figg, C. A.; Hurst, P. J.; Patterson, J. P.; Sumerlin, B. S., Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Hydrophobic Acrylic and Styrenic Polymers through Organic-Phase Photoiniferter-Mediated Polymerization. ACS Macro Letters 2020, 9 (4), 613-618.
49. Wu, H.; Friedrich, H.; Patterson, J. P.; Sommerdijk, N.; de Jonge, N., Liquid-Phase Electron Microscopy for Soft Matter Science and Biology. Adv Mater 2020, 32 (25), e2001582
48. van Deursen, P. M. G.; Koning, R. I.; Tudor, V.; Moradi, M.-A.; Patterson, J. P.; Kros, A.; Sommerdijk, N. A. J. M.; Koster, A. J.; Schneider, G. F., Graphene Liquid Cells Assembled through Loop-Assisted Transfer Method and Located with Correlated Light-Electron Microscopy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30 (11), 1904468.
47. Fruehauf, K. R.; Kim, T. I.; Nelson, E. L.; Patterson, J. P.; Wang, S. W.; Shea, K. J., Metabolite Responsive Nanoparticle-Protein Complex. Biomacromolecules 2019, 20 (7), 2703-2712.
46. Ianiro, A.; Gonzalez Garcia, A.; Wijker, S.; Patterson, J. P.; Esteves, A. C. C.; Tuinier, R., Controlling the Spatial Distribution of Solubilized Compounds within Copolymer Micelles. Langmuir 2019, 35 (13), 4776-4786.
45. Su, H.; Mehdi, B. L.; Patterson, J. P.; Sommerdijk, N. A. J. M.; Browning, N. D.; Friedrich, H., Growth Kinetics of Cobalt Carbonate Nanoparticles Revealed by Liquid-Phase Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. J. Phys. Chem. C 2019, 123 (41), 25448-25455.
44. . van Rijt, M. M. J.; Ciaffoni, A.; Ianiro, A.; Moradi, M. A.; Boyle, A. L.; Kros, A.; Friedrich, H.; Sommerdijk, N.; Patterson, J. P., Designing stable, hierarchical peptide fibers from block co-polypeptide sequences. Chem Sci 2019, 10 (39), 9001-9008.
43. Kim, Y. H.; Leriche, G.; Diraviyam, K.; Koyanagi, T.; Gao, K.; Onofrei, D.; Patterson, J.; Guha, A.; Gianneschi, N.; Holland, G. P.; Gilson, M. K.; Mayer, M.; Sept, D.; Yang, J., Entropic effects enable life at extreme temperatures. Sci Adv 2019, 5 (5),eaaw4783.
42. Wright, D. B.; Ramirez-Hernandez, A.; Touve, M. A.; Carlini, A. S.; Thompson, M. P.; Patterson, J. P.; de Pablo, J. J.; Gianneschi, N. C., Enzyme-Induced Kinetic Control of Peptide-Polymer Micelle Morphology. ACS Macro Letters 2019, 8 (6), 676-681.
41. Li, T.; Wu, H. L.; Ihli, J.; Ma, Z. Q.; Krumeich, F.; Bomans, P. H. H.; Sommerdijk, N. A. J. M.; Friedrich, H.; Patterson, J. P.;* van Bokhoven, J. A.,* Cryo-TEM and electron tomography reveal leaching-induced pore formation in ZSM-5 zeolite. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2019, 7 (4), 1442-1446.
40. Polido, G.; Shi, X.; Xu, D.; Guo, C.; Thai, R.; Patterson, J. P.; Gianneschi, N. C.; Suchyna, T. M.; Sachs, F.; Holland, G. P., Investigating the interaction of Grammostola rosea venom peptides and model lipid bilayers with solid-state NMR and electron microscopy techniques. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Biomembr. 2019, 1861 (1), 151-160.
39. Ianiro, A.; Wu, H.; van Rijt, M. M. J.; Vena, M. P.; Keizer, A. D. A.; Esteves, A. C. C.; Tuinier, R.; Friedrich, H.; Sommerdijk, N.;* Patterson, J. P.*, Liquid-liquid phase separation during amphiphilic self-assembly. Nat Chem 2019, 11 (4), 320-328.
Arash Nikoubashman and Friederike Schmid. “The Molecular Lego Movie. Nat Chem 2019.
Highlighted in phys.org, nanowerk.com, eurekalert.org, and rdmag.com.
38. Santagiuliana, G.; Picot, O. T.; Crespo, M.; Porwal, H.; Zhang, H.; Li, Y.; Rubini, L.; Colonna, S.; Fina, A.; Barbieri, E.; Spoelstra, A. B.; Mirabello, G.; Patterson, J. P.; Botto, L.; Pugno, N. M.; Peijs, T.; Bilotti, E., Breaking the Nanoparticle Loading-Dispersion Dichotomy in Polymer Nanocomposites with the Art of Croissant-Making. ACS Nano 2018, 12 (9), 9040-9050.
37. Leriche, G.; Manafirad, A.; Nguyen, S.; Bell, N.; Patterson, J. P.; Thayumanavan, S.; Yang, J.; Dinsmore, A. D.; Gianneschi, N. C., Water Permeability and Elastic Properties of an Archaea Inspired Lipid Synthesized by Click Chemistry. Chemistry of Materials 2018, 30 (11), 3618-3622.
36. Ianiro, A.; Patterson, J.; González García, Á.; van Rijt, M. M. J.; Hendrix, M. M. R. M.; Sommerdijk, N. A. J. M.; Voets, I. K.; Esteves, A. C. C.; Tuinier, R., A roadmap for poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly-ε-caprolactone self-assembly in water: Prediction, synthesis, and characterization. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 2018, 56 (4), 330-339.
35. Parent, L. R.; Pham, C. H.; Patterson, J. P.; Denny, M. S., Jr.; Cohen, S. M.; Gianneschi, N. C.; Paesani, F., Pore Breathing of Metal-Organic Frameworks by Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139 (40), 13973-13976.
34. Parent, L. R.; Bakalis, E.; Ramirez-Hernandez, A.; Kammeyer, J. K.; Park, C.; de Pablo, J.; Zerbetto, F.; Patterson, J. P.; Gianneschi, N. C., Directly Observing Micelle Fusion and Growth in Solution by Liquid-Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139 (47), 17140-17151.
33. Leriche, G.; Cifelli, J. L.; Sibucao, K. C.; Patterson, J. P.; Koyanagi, T.; Gianneschi, N. C.; Yang, J., Characterization of drug encapsulation and retention in archaea-inspired tetraether liposomes. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2017, 15 (10), 2157-2162.
32. Patterson, J. P.; Xu, Y.; Moradi, M. A.; Sommerdijk, N.;* Friedrich, H.,* CryoTEM as an Advanced Analytical Tool for Materials Chemists. Acc. Chem. Res. 2017, 50 (7), 1495-1501.
31. Patterson, J. P.; Parent, L. R.; Cantlon, J.; Eickhoff, H.; Bared, G.; Evans, J. E.; Gianneschi, N. C., Picoliter Drop-On-Demand Dispensing for Multiplex Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy. Microsc. Microanal. 2016, 22 (3), 507-14.
30. Randolph, L. M.; LeGuyader, C. L. M.; Hahn, M. E.; Andolina, C. M.; Patterson, J. P.; Mattrey, R. F.; Millstone, J. E.; Botta, M.; Scadeng, M.; Gianneschi, N. C., Polymeric Gd-DOTA amphiphiles form spherical and fibril-shaped nanoparticle MRI contrast agents. Chem Sci 2016, 7 (7), 4230-4236.
29. Patterson, J. P.; Collins, D. B.; Michaud, J. M.; Axson, J. L.; Sultana, C. M.; Moser, T.; Dommer, A. C.; Conner, J.; Grassian, V. H.; Stokes, M. D.; Deane, G. B.; Evans, J. E.; Burkart, M. D.; Prather, K. A.; Gianneschi, N. C., Sea Spray Aerosol Structure and Composition Using Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS Cent Sci 2016, 2 (1), 40-47.
28. Wright, D. B.; Patterson, J. P.; Gianneschi, N. C.; Chassenieux, C.; Colombani, O.; O'Reilly, R. K., Blending block copolymer micelles in solution; Obstacles of blending. Polym Chem 2016, 7 (8), 1577-1583.
27. Li, Y.; Huang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Carniato, F.; Xie, Y.; Patterson, J. P.; Thompson, M. P.; Andolina, C. M.; Ditri, T. B.; Millstone, J. E.; Figueroa, J. S.; Rinehart, J. D.; Scadeng, M.; Botta, M.; Gianneschi, N. C., Polycatechol Nanoparticle MRI Contrast Agents. Small 2016, 12 (5), 668-77.
26. Johnson, M. E.; Shon, J.; Guan, B. M.; Patterson, J. P.; Oldenhuis, N. J.; Eldredge, A. C.; Gianneschi, N. C.; Guan, Z., Fluorocarbon Modified Low-Molecular-Weight Polyethylenimine for siRNA Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2016, 27 (8), 1784-8.
25. Proetto, M. T.; Anderton, C. R.; Hu, D.; Szymanski, C. J.; Zhu, Z.; Patterson, J. P.; Kammeyer, J. K.; Nilewski, L. G.; Rush, A. M.; Bell, N. C.; Evans, J. E.; Orr, G.; Howell, S. B.; Gianneschi, N. C., Cellular Delivery of Nanoparticles Revealed with Combined Optical and Isotopic Nanoscopy. ACS Nano 2016, 10 (4), 4046-54.
24. Wright, D. B.; Patterson, J. P.; Pitto-Barry, A.; Lu, A.; Kirby, N.; Gianneschi, N. C.; Chassenieux, C.; Colombani, O.; O'Reilly, R. K., The Copolymer Blending Method: A New Approach for Targeted Assembly of Micellar Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2015, 48 (18), 6516-6522.
23. Patterson, J. P.; Abellan, P.; Denny, M. S., Jr.; Park, C.; Browning, N. D.; Cohen, S. M.; Evans, J. E.; Gianneschi, N. C., Observing the growth of metal-organic frameworks by in situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137 (23), 7322-8.
22. Barnhill, S. A.; Bell, N. C.; Patterson, J. P.; Olds, D. P.; Gianneschi, N. C., Phase Diagrams of Polynorbornene Amphiphilic Block Copolymers in Solution. Macromolecules 2015, 48 (4), 1152-1161.
21. Van de Put, M. W.; Patterson, J. P.; Bomans, P. H.; Wilson, N. R.; Friedrich, H.; van Benthem, R. A.; de With, G.; O'Reilly, R. K.; Sommerdijk, N. A., Graphene oxide single sheets as substrates for high resolution cryoTEM. Soft Matter 2015, 11 (7), 1265-70.
20. Patterson, J. P.; Proetto, M. T.; Gianneschi, N. C., Soft nanomaterials analysed by in situ liquid TEM: Towards high resolution characterisation of nanoparticles in motion. Perspectives in Science 2015, 6, 106-112.
19. Wright, D. B.; Patterson, J. P.; Pitto-Barry, A.; Cotanda, P.; Chassenieux, C.; Colombani, O.; O'Reilly, R. K., Tuning the aggregation behavior of pH-responsive micelles by copolymerization. Polym. Chem. 2015, 6 (14), 2761-2768.
18. Proetto, M. T.; Rush, A. M.; Chien, M. P.; Abellan Baeza, P.; Patterson, J. P.; Thompson, M. P.; Olson, N. H.; Moore, C. E.; Rheingold, A. L.; Andolina, C.; Millstone, J.; Howell, S. B.; Browning, N. D.; Evans, J. E.; Gianneschi, N. C., Dynamics of soft nanomaterials captured by transmission electron microscopy in liquid water. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136 (4), 1162-5
17. Patterson, J. P.; Robin, M. P.; Chassenieux, C.; Colombani, O.; O'Reilly, R. K., The analysis of solution self-assembled polymeric nanomaterials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43 (8), 2412-25
16. Hansell, C. F.; Lu, A.; Patterson, J. P.; O'Reilly, R. K., Exploiting the tetrazine-norbornene reaction for single polymer chain collapse. Nanoscale 2014, 6 (8), 4102-7.
15. Phillips, D. J.; Patterson, J. P.; O'Reilly, R. K.; Gibson, M. I., Glutathione-triggered disassembly of isothermally responsive polymer nanoparticles obtained by nanoprecipitation of hydrophilic polymers. Polym. Chem. 2014, 5 (1), 126-131.
14. Greenland, B. W.; Bird, M. B.; Burattini, S.; Cramer, R.; O'Reilly, R. K.; Patterson, J. P.; Hayes, W.; Cardin, C. J.; Colquhoun, H. M., Mutual binding of polymer end-groups by complementary pi-pi-stacking: a molecular "Roman Handshake". Chem Commun (Camb) 2013, 49 (5), 454-6.
13. Patterson, J. P.; Cotanda, P.; Kelley, E. G.; Moughton, A. O.; Lu, A.; Epps, T. H., 3rd; O'Reilly, R. K., Catalytic Y-tailed amphiphilic homopolymers - aqueous nanoreactors for high activity, low loading SCS pincer catalysts. Polym Chem 2013, 4 (6), 2033-2039.
12. Petzetakis, N.; Robin, M. P.; Patterson, J. P.; Kelley, E. G.; Cotanda, P.; Bomans, P. H.; Sommerdijk, N. A.; Dove, A. P.; Epps, T. H., 3rd; O'Reilly, R. K., Hollow block copolymer nanoparticles through a spontaneous one-step structural reorganization. ACS Nano 2013, 7 (2), 1120-8.
11. Patterson, J. P.; Kelley, E. G.; Murphy, R. P.; Moughton, A. O.; Robin, M.; Lu, A.; Colombani, O.; Chassenieux, C.; Cheung, D.; Sullivan, M. O.; Epps, T. H., 3rd; O'Reilly, R. K., Structural characterization of amphiphilic homopolymer micelles using light scattering, SANS, and cryo-TEM. Macromolecules 2013, 46 (15), 6319-6325.
10. Mastroianni, S. E.; Patterson, J. P.; O'Reilly, R. K.; Epps, T. H., Poly(methyl methacrylate-block-vinyl-m-triphenylamine): synthesis by RAFT polymerization and melt-state self-assembly. Soft Matter 2013, 9 (42), 10146-10154.
9. Dyson, M. A.; Sanchez, A. M.; Patterson, J. P.; O'Reilly, R. K.; Sloan, J.; Wilson, N. R., A new approach to high resolution, high contrast electron microscopy of macromolecular block copolymer assemblies. Soft Matter 2013, 9 (14), 3741-3749.
8. Lu, A.; Cotanda, P.; Patterson, J. P.; Longbottom, D. A.; O'Reilly, R. K., Aldol reactions catalyzed by L-proline functionalized polymeric nanoreactors in water. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012, 48 (78), 9699-701.
7. Patterson, J. P.; Sanchez, A. M.; Petzetakis, N.; Smart, T. P.; Epps, T. H., 3rd; Portman, I.; Wilson, N. R.; O'Reilly, R. K., A simple approach to characterizing block copolymer assemblies: graphene oxide supports for high contrast multi-technique imaging. Soft Matter 2012, 8 (12), 3322-3328.
6. Cotanda, P.; Lu, A.; Patterson, J. P.; Petzetakis, N.; O'Reilly, R. K., Functionalized Organocatalytic Nanoreactors: Hydrophobic Pockets for Acylation Reactions in Water. Macromolecules 2012, 45 (5), 2377-2384.
5. McDonald, T. O.; Martin, P.; Patterson, J. P.; Smith, D.; Giardiello, M.; Marcello, M.; See, V.; O'Reilly, R. K.; Owen, A.; Rannard, S., Multicomponent Organic Nanoparticles for Fluorescence Studies in Biological Systems. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012, 22 (12), 2469-2478.
4. McHale, R.; Patterson, J. P.; Zetterlund, P. B.; O'Reilly, R. K., Biomimetic radical polymerization via cooperative assembly of segregating templates. Nat Chem 2012, 4 (6), 491-7.
3. Williams, P. E.; Moughton, A. O.; Patterson, J. P.; Khodabakhsh, S.; O'Reilly, R. K., Exploring RAFT polymerization for the synthesis of bipolar diblock copolymers and their supramolecular self-assembly. Polym. Chem. 2011, 2 (3), 720-729.
2. Du, J.; Willcock, H.; Patterson, J. P.; Portman, I.; O'Reilly, R. K., Self-assembly of hydrophilic homopolymers: a matter of RAFT end groups. Small 2011, 7 (14), 2070-80.
1. Moughton, A. O.; Patterson, J. P.; O'Reilly, R. K., Reversible morphological switching of nanostructures in solution. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011, 47 (1), 355-7.